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William James (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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William James was an original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and philosophy. His twelve-hundred page masterwork, The Principles of Psychology (1890), is a rich blend of physiology, psychology, philosophy, and personal reflection that has given us such ideas as "the stream of thought" and the baby's impression of the world "as one great blooming ...

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Aristotle's Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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Aristotle calls the term which is the predicate of the conclusion the major term and the term which is the subject of the conclusion the minor term. The premise containing the major term is the major premise, and the premise containing the minor term is the minor premise.. Aristotle then systematically investigates all possible combinations of two premises in each of the three figures.

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Aristotle's Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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Aristotle calls the term which is the predicate of the conclusion the major term and the term which is the subject of the conclusion the minor term. The premise containing the major term is the major premise, and the premise containing the minor term is the minor premise.. Aristotle then systematically investigates all possible combinations of two premises in each of the three figures.

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Plato's Timaeus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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In the Timaeus Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe and an explanation of its impressive order and beauty. The universe, he proposes, is the product of rational, purposive, and beneficent agency. It is the handiwork of a divine Craftsman ("Demiurge," dêmiourgos, 28a6) who, imitating an unchanging and eternal model, imposes mathematical order on a ...

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Justice (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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Other forms of justice - familial, allocative, associational, international - with their associated principles would be applicable in their respective domains (for an even more explicitly pluralist account of justice, see Walzer 1983; for a fuller defence of a contextual approach to justice, see Miller 2013, esp. ch. 2).

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Trust (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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The struggle to find a complete or unified theory of trust has led some philosophers to be pluralists about trust—that is, to say, "we must recognise plural forms of trust" (Simpson 2012: 551) or accept that trust is not just one form of reliance, but many forms of it (see also Jacoby 2011; Scheman 2020; McLeod 2020).

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Compatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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Compatibilism offers a solution to the free will problem, which concerns a disputed incompatibility between free will and determinism.Compatibilism is the thesis that free will is compatible with determinism. Because free will is typically taken to be a necessary condition of moral responsibility, compatibilism is sometimes expressed as a thesis about the compatibility between moral ...

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Aristotle's Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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Aristotle calls the term which is the predicate of the conclusion the major term and the term which is the subject of the conclusion the minor term. The premise containing the major term is the major premise, and the premise containing the minor term is the minor premise.. Aristotle then systematically investigates all possible combinations of two premises in each of the three figures.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The Offices of the Provost, the Dean of Humanities and Sciences, and the Dean of Research, Stanford University The SEP Library Fund: containing contributions from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the membership dues of academic and research libraries that have joined SEPIA. The John ...

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The St. Petersburg Paradox (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

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The St. Petersburg paradox was introduced by Nicolaus Bernoulli in 1713. It continues to be a reliable source for new puzzles and insights in decision theory. The standard version of the St. Petersburg paradox is derived from the St. Petersburg game, which is played as follows: A fair coin is flipped until it comes up heads the first time.

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Plato's Ethics: An Overview (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

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Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: 'excellence') are the requisite skills and dispositions needed to attain it.If Plato's conception of happiness is elusive and his support for a morality of ...

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Plato's Timaeus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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In the Timaeus Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe and an explanation of its impressive order and beauty. The universe, he proposes, is the product of rational, purposive, and beneficent agency.

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Plato's Ethics: An Overview (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

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Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: 'excellence') are the requisite skills and dispositions needed to attain it.If Plato's conception of happiness is elusive and his support for a morality of ...

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Plato's Ethics: An Overview (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

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Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê : 'excellence') are the requisite skills and dispositions needed to attain it.

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Plato on Knowledge in the Theaetetus (Stanford ...

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Unitarians argue that Plato's criticism of D1 in 160e-186e is more selective. Obviously his aim is to refute D1, the equation of knowledge with perception. But that does not oblige him to reject the account of perception that has been offered in support of D1. And Plato does not reject this account: he accepts it.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The Offices of the Provost, the Dean of Humanities and Sciences, and the Dean of Research, Stanford University The SEP Library Fund: containing contributions from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the membership dues of academic and research libraries that have joined SEPIA. The John ...

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Practical Reason (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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On this interpretation, practical reasoning, strictly speaking, is an inferential process through which we adjust our beliefs about action, including our beliefs about what we have reason to do; but the adjustments in our intentions that result from such reflection are not themselves conclusions of reasoning (Raz 2011, chap. 7).

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Knowledge How (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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But that issue may not be so crucial here, because even if Hetherington's account won't get us all the way to the claim that knowledge-that is a kind of knowledge-how, it will get us all the way to the claim that knowledge-that is a kind of ability, rather than an intellectual relation to a proposition, and this may be close enough.

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Cosmopolitanism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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The word 'cosmopolitan', which derives from the Greek word kosmopolitēs ('citizen of the world'), has been used to describe a wide variety of important views in moral and socio-political philosophy. The nebulous core shared by all cosmopolitan views is the idea that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, are (or can and should be) citizens in a single community.

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Troubleshooting Zoom Login Errors

Zoom is an excellent tool for working with millions of users every day. Given Zoom's value in today's remote working environment, it is easy to understand why users fear logging difficulties. All the tension and anxiety go through the roof if just a few minutes remain before this vital video conference begins and you cannot log in. The errors 403, 1044, 100, and 5003 are the most widely found zoom login errors. The good news is that Zoom login problems and errors with this guide can be fixed easily. How to solve zoom in issues Check your credentials with a different computer. As a fast solution, you can log in using your phone if logging in is not working on your device. Or try logging in with your browser if you are unable to login with the desktop app. Of course, you can search for typos with proper credentials. If you sometimes switch between different languages, check your keyboard input settings. Don't use some other authentication method to use the authentication details your company has given to you. Link to SSO SSO should be used, and the credentials of the company signed in. To work with this tool, you need a corporate or educational account and a verified Vanity URL. Type the name of your organization into the Continue domain area. Enter the credentials of your company, and I hope you can log into it. Check your protection and link configuration. You could not log into your Zoom account with insecure network access or firewall and software blocking protection settings. To ensure that your internet connection works properly, restart your modem, receive recent router firmware updates, and, if necessary, with your current setup, switch to a cable connection. Check your firewall and antivirus settings and make sure no Zoom or Zoom functions are disabled. Open and go to Update & Protection for the Settings Function. Pick Virus & Threat Defense to navigate to Windows Security. Add Zoom to it and retry in Windows Firewall Whitelist Zoom. Go to Start, form a firewall, open Network Security and Firewall. Click on Make the app by firewall. Scroll down. Press Change Settings, scroll down to Zoom, and pick the public and private checkboxes. Restart the machine, start Zoom, and check to see if you can log in now. You should go to your support page for specific instructions about zooming in a zoom list if you are using third party firewalls and antivirus. Check if Zoom Login is blocked  Zoom may interact with another program. If this has happened soon after new software has been installed on your device, disable or uninstall the program and then verify that the Zoom program is now effective. You can deactivate all background apps with the Task Manager or clean the boot to ensure a problem with software intervention. They are not working webcam or audio Nothing is more frustrating than to have a Zoom call from your webcam or audio. Try any of these simple tips first if your web camera is not shown or is selected but not running. Test the zoom setup If a meeting ID is shown just before a call is entered, leave the following settings unchecked. Do not audio-connect. It enables you to link a call to your audio and video automatically. Leave other similar applications Make sure all other programs that use the webcam are closed if your webcam does not appear. If another program currently accesses the Camera, the zoom will not be able to use.  Audio and video testing You can test your audio and video in zoom by clicking on this link when your Camera or audio does not function. When you have opened up, you can enter a Zoom App test call and follow the screen directions. You can also pick your webcam by clicking the Start video (It might say Stop videos if you are in a call) on the bottom toolbar while you are on the Web (or double-check your webcam in the main Zoom app). If the screen is blank, you can click on the arrow next to the camera icon and select the same as a device or a unique webcam from the list or see the integrated Camera. Check PC configuration The issue might not be at all Zoom sometimes. The webcam can be blocked while you are on Windows 10 or Mac. Through testing the application permissions, you can correct that by making sure your Camera can be used by the Zoom app or your web browser. You can also verify this on the Web directly by restarting the call and pressing Allow if the camera and microphone access are prompted. 10 Windows Enter the search box for "Webcam" and pick from the menu which applications you can access your Camera. Scroll down, and the Microsoft Store and desktop applications that can use your webcam will be shown. You need to ensure that the button Allow Desktop Apps to Access Your Camera switches to the on position for non-Microsoft Store applications. You may also check for the microphone and pick the microphone's Privacy Settings to do the same thing. macOS Select Security and Privacy and Open Machine Preferences. Click on the Lock button and enter the change password. Then you can click on the sidebar on Camera and check your Web browser and Zoom. And you want to make sure that the box is tested for the microphone.
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How to Access Your Wi-Fi Router's Settings?

Your router saves the settings for your home Wi-Fi network. If you want to change anything on your network, then you have to log into your router's software that is known as firmware. In this way, you have an option to rename your network, change the password, adjust the security level, generate a guest network, as well as set up or alter a variety of other options. Here we will discuss how can you first get into your router to make these kinds of changes?  The process for logging into your router must be the same as you use your internet provider's router or you bought your router. It must be the same as you use a dedicated router or a combination modem/router supplied by your internet provider as well. Find the Router's IP Address You log into your router's firmware through a browser. Any browser will find it for you. There you will type the IP address of your router at the address bar. However, that's not always the case, that's why first you should confirm the address of your router. Suppose you want to find your router's IP address, type "cmd" in the search window. Click on the Enter button to open the command prompt. Then type ipconfig in the command prompt. Press Enter to run the command. Furthermore, Scroll until you a setting for Default Gateway appear under Ethernet or Wi-Fi. That is your router, and the number next to it is your router's IP address. Now type the IP address of your router in the address field of your browser. Then press Enter hand to hand. Username and Password You will be asked to enter a username and password to access your router's firmware. It could be either the default username and password for your router.  Otherwise, a unique username and password would be generated by you when you set up the router.  If you generated your username and password, start login with these credentials now to see your router's firmware settings. In case, you don't remember your login information, or you never changed these credentials from the unit's default, the process may become a little more complicated.   Password Recovery Features Few routers provide a password-recovery feature. If it is true of your router, this option would have appeared if you enter the wrong username and password several numbers of times. On the other hand, the window will ask for your router's serial number that you can easily find on the bottom or side of the router. Most of the routers use a default username of admin and a default password if you never changed the router's login to start with. You can try these steps to see if they work or not. Else, the best option is to do a web search to get the default username and password of the brand name of your router. There is also an option to search a database for your particular router model's default login personal information. Once you get the correct login credentials, you can try logging into your router now.  In case you still are not able to log into your router's firmware, it's the right time to reset the device to revert all settings to their defaults. Furthermore, you will usually get a mini reset button on your router. Use a pointed object such as a pen or paper clip, for pushing in and hold the reset button for around a few seconds. I this way, you will now be able to log into your router by using the default username and password. Change Router Settings Once you get access to the router's firmware, you are allowed to change whatever elements required to be changed. It includes network name and password, or the security level too. Parental controls can be implemented from the router's main screen, as well as a guest network can be generated.  Furthermore, attached devices can be managed as well. Do remember to apply any changes before you move onto the next screen. Documentation with built-in help must be available to assist you. You will get help with these settings if you are not sure how to set them. The latest or newest routers also have setup wizards that can take care of a few of this labor for you.  Change Router Login The better option is that change your router's username and password from their default values. It will efficiently secure your router so only you can access the firmware. You can change both the username and password with some routers. However, in other routers, you are allowed to change the password only, but the username is somehow stuck as admin. Look for an option while changing the password that is formerly available under the Administration tab. Furthermore, the screen will probably ask for your current router password. When you enter that, it will ask you to enter a new password. Keep remembering the general recommendations to create a secure password.
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Common Twitter Login Issues

Here we are talking about the common Twitter login issues. Twitter is a social networking site launched in 2006, and it is one of the most popular social media platforms which is available today with 100 million daily active users and 500 million tweets sent daily. Nowadays, people are using Twitter to receive news, follow high profile celebrity, or stay in touch with an old friend by using Twitter. Why Use Twitter? Nowadays, millions of peoples are using Twitter for real-time communication. Twitter allows you to stay interconnected by posting the updates which are known as a tweet. Tweet consists of 140 characters or fewer and contains ideas and other various information, such as photos, videos, and links to the articles. Most people use Twitter to discover information and stay connected with others. This social network is the gateway to share ideas, exciting content and currently updated in real-time. Twitter the information gathering tool Some people think that Twitter is only a social platform, but Twitter is also an information-gathering tool and broadcasting resource that help a person stay relevant. A user can easily receive any breaking news updates, track trends and discover hot topics by following tweets from anyone or anything, such as political figures, the media, or local businesses. A person can start a conversation with a friend or the organization over personal thoughts or a particular topic by tweeting or retweeting. The issue that you have to face during logging into Twitter Like other platforms, many users have to face up with the common login issue on Instagram, Facebook,... Twitter is the same. There are some problems that you have to face during logging into Twitter. The issues are created due to some point. The questions are given below with their relative solutions. These issues will make that mistake you are driving while logging into Twitter and also tell you the resolution of these issues.      Common Username Issue Everyone uses their account email address and password to log into Twitter. In case you forget the password or your password is not working then the simple solution to this problem is to request a new password by entering your email in our reset form. If our system does not find the email address, then you may be entering the wrong one. Is your Browser up to Date Many issues can be resolved by ensuring that you are using the recent of your browser. If you are not sure that the browsers you are using are up to date, then download the latest version to solve this issue. You can download the newest version of your selected browser. If a browser upgrade does not solve your problem, then you can also try downloading an alternate browser. Problem Create due to Cache and Cookies The most problem that occurs on Twitter is due to cache and cookies. For solving this problem, you have to clear cache and cookies when you feel that they are creating a problem with your Twitter. You can quickly clear cache and cookies from the settings menu for your mobile browser and solve your problem. Incorrect Username If you are not still log in, then make sure that you have used the correct login username and password. For checking the password is correct or incorrect, try logging in from a computer. In case you can’t log in to the computer it is mean that the password or user name you are using is not correct. In case you logged in on your Pc then turn off your mobile for 5 seconds to reset the connection. How to Reset your Twitter or any other Password?  From your logged in account, click on the More icon in the navigation bar and select setting and privacy.  Then from the account tab, click on password.  Enter your current password.  Then finally choose your new password.  Then at last save your changes by clicking save. Note if you can log in but can’t remember your password, then you can send yourself a password reset email from the password setting page. Furthermore, you are also able to log out of all your active Twitter session from the one that you choose to change your password. Twitter Most Common Problem Depending on the different devices that you are using, you may have to face other problems while accessing Twitter. To solve this problem, the solution will be helpful to you.  In case you are may facing a problem due to using a VPN and proxy and by disabling it, your issue may be solved. The problem also occurs due to incorrect internet sources. So for solving the problem, make sure that the internet source is working correctly.  If you still fail to solve the problem, then go ahead and report to Twitter.  Most of the problems can be avoided by using a strong password and restrict access to the third-party app by allowing only trusted third-party programs and applications to be associated with your Twitter account.  
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Frequent Error Users Often Meet When Logging In

Despite how much users try to avoid making an error, it is impossible to eliminate user errors. Here we will discuss frequent errors users often meet when logging in.  For most people, logging into sites or apps is standard and a part of their daily routine.  That's why we all intuitively do internet surfing until something goes wrong and an error occurs from our side. For example, we forget our password, username, or the email address through which we signed up. Wrong Username or password When users face a log-in problem, there is a high chance that they have entered a wrong combination of a username and password. It leads to multiple attempts before a successful login. However, it develops fair enough frustration for users, which resulted in their instant quiet.  Furthermore, the Generic responses such as 'Your email or password doesn't match' usually do not provide meaningful feedback for users. It does not allow them to fix user's problems instantly. On the other hand, users, who are not logged in yet, would read, "One of these two fields is wrong but I shall not tell you which one."  That's why it reduces conversion rates and engagement. However, the user should get help via a login task efficiently and effectively. That's why the response should explain exactly not matching correctly that is the password or the email address. Users have Changed Their Password Users make an error while getting so used to typing in their old password that they have forgotten they changed it. As a result, when they see an error message "Your password is incorrect," they simply believe that they're mistyped the password. What users required, in this case, is a reminder that their password was changed.  Rather than giving users a "Your password is incorrect" error message, they need to know how long ago they changed their password. Therefore, this kind of message should only appear when users type in their old password. Most of the time, users mistyped a password then the system displays a regular 'Wrong password' error message to them. Multiple Log-in Errors Users have multiple sign-in options, for example, sign-in through Facebook, Twitter, or Google+ on a site or app. Users might not remember which service they used to sign up for, or they used one at all. Therefore, they hesitate or fail to log in.   On the other hand, if users choose the wrong provider, rather than signing in to the service, they probably end up signing up unintentionally, thereby creating a new account. A site or app capable of perfectly matching accounts from different services but there is no complete guarantee of whether a social media account belongs to the same person. Therefore, for solving multiple log-in problems, users should keep logged in until they explicitly sign out. The fewer people indeed need to log in, the fewer sign-in problems users will have. On the other hand, a further better solution is that remember users when they return. Quora removes the requirement for you to enter a password while re-logging into the service. All you need to ensure is to enter the website and click on your profile picture or name on the log-in screen. Moreover, these solutions have a downside, as well. Such as these solutions work only for people who return to the website while using the same browser. If users log-in by using a different browser or device, this technique will not be much helpful. Determine a 'Forgot Your Password' Flow Like everyone at least once in their life, forget where they left their wallet or keys, users will be likely to forget their password. Therefore, this kind of situation must be handled better by the login process. Furthermore, Login forms offer a 'Forgot Password' link to reset the password for the user. Do not let this link appear after the user clicks on the password field or has already entered the wrong password. Do not allow users to enter their email address again on a forgot password page if they already entered their email address. Then use the forgotten password feature also. Do not send the current or temporary password through an email.  The correct step to send a reset password link is to send it to the registered email address only. Furthermore, make sure that the reset password email sends as fast as possible because users might get disturbed when they will have to wait to login. The reason is that the forgotten password email takes too long to arrive. If users can't access their email, then the full options in this situation will only depend on your kind of service. It makes sense for you to have a few security questions upfront. Therefore, use them as an access point and make it easy if users forget their password.
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