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Institutional Login - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The world's most comprehensive encyclopedia of philosophy offers abstracts and archived entries freely to all. Selected articles are made free-to-view periodically - but full text access is only available to institutional subscribers. Librarians can register for a Free Trial or Contact us for more information.

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Counterfactual conditionals - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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According to the first, a counterfactual asserts that there is a sound argument from the antecedent ('bats are deaf') to the consequent ('bats hunt during the day'). The argument uses certain implicit background conditions and laws of nature as additional premises. A variant of this analysis says that a counterfactual is itself a ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus ( c. 540- c .480 bc ), for whom it provided the link between rational discourse and the world's rational structure. It was freely used by Plato and Aristotle and especially by the Stoics, who interpreted the rational world order as immanent deity. Platonist philosophers gave pre-eminence ...

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Logic, philosophy of - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Philosophy of logic can be roughly characterized as those philosophical topics which have emerged either from the technical development of symbolic (mathematical) logic, or from the motivations that logicians have offered for their technical pursuits.

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Natural theology - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary Natural theology aims at establishing truths or acquiring knowledge about God (or divine matters generally) using only our natural cognitive resources.

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God, arguments for the existence of - Routledge ...

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Arguments for the existence of God go back at least to Aristotle, who argued that there must be a first mover, itself unmoved. All the great medieval philosophers (Arabic and Jewish as well as Christian) proposed and developed theistic arguments - for example, Augustine, al-Ghazali, Anselm, Moses Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus.

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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Some philosophers argue that second-order logic is not logic. Properties and relations are too obscure for rigorous foundational study, while sets and functions are in the purview of mathematics, not logic; logic should not have an ontology of its own.

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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If a logic is to be a calculus, an effective canon of inference, then second-order logic is beyond the pale. If, on the other hand, one aims to codify a standard to which correct reasoning must adhere, and to characterize the descriptive and communicative abilities of informal mathematical practice, then perhaps there is room for second-order ...

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Ideology - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary An ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or unconsciously held, which reflects or shapes understandings or misconceptions of the social and political world. It serves to recommend, justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving or changing political practices and institutions.

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Geology, philosophy of - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary. In the mid-1960s, geology underwent a conceptual revolution. Prior to that time, most geologists believed that the continents and oceans were fixed and permanent, the basic features of the earth's crust. Subsequently they came to agree that the earth was covered by rigid plates, thin in relation to the earth's diameter, in ...

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Genealogy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Foucault 's use of the term continues Nietzsche 's in his On the Genealogy of Morals (1967). For both philosophers, genealogy is a form of historical critique, designed to overturn our norms by revealing their origins.

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Medieval philosophy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Philosophical theology Christianity is not in itself a philosophical doctrine, but it profoundly influences the medieval philosophical world-view both from within philosophy and from outside it.

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Logic of ethical discourse - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Logic, as a discipline, is largely concerned with discovering principles and methods for evaluating the evidential strength between the premises and conclusions of arguments.

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Intentionality, phenomenological perspectives - Routledge ...

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Phenomenological investigations of intentionality explore, in other words, both the experience's directedness to its object and the object's being given in a particular manner or under a particular conception. In part to distinguish his view from psychological views, Husserl adopts a technical vocabulary in his discussions.

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Logic of ethical discourse - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Logic, as a discipline, is largely concerned with discovering principles and methods for evaluating the evidential strength between the premises and conclusions of …

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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If a logic is to be a calculus, an effective canon of inference, then second-order logic is beyond the pale. If, on the other hand, one aims to codify a standard to which correct reasoning must adhere, and to characterize the descriptive and communicative abilities of informal mathematical practice, then perhaps there is room for second-order ...

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Egyptian cosmology, ancient - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Ancient Egypt has left us no systematic philosophy in the modern sense. However, there is abundant evidence that the Egyptians were concerned with all the usual …

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League of Legends Login Issues and How to Fix them

League of Legends is free to play MOBA game that is developed by riot games.  Most of the players have reported an error message when they try to log in. In the league of legend, two teams of 3 or 5 players battle from each other on a chosen map. The game's objective is to destroy the key building in the enemy base, the nexus. Reaching the goal in this game is not as simple as it may seem. The gameplay combines the use of skills and tactics, and here are many roads to victory. In this game, there are plenty of things that the player needs to keep on the eyes on. These are visibility, enemies spotted on the lane, and those who appear suddenly on the front line. League of the legend offers three game modes: classic, dominion, and ARAM. League of the legend is based on microtransactions. But downloading and playing the game is free. What is League of Legend? League of Legends is one of the world's most popular video games developed by the riots games. Players work with their team to break the enemy nexus before the enemy team's breaks theirs. League of legend is a complex and the best game which involves both high-level strategy and fast-paced gameplay. Skilled and skilled players know how to beat their opponents against the macro factors to aid their team's victory. How it's played: In this game, each team assigns their players to different areas of the summoners Rift, which is the most common and the most used app in the league of the legend to face off against an opponent and attempt to gain control team. As the game progresses,  the player has to complete different tasks, including collecting computer-controlled minions, removing turrets, protecting each team's side of the map respectively, and eliminating the champions.  Player uses the gold that they earn from these objectives to power up their champion and increase their team's control of the game. When a team can use those advantages to move into the enemy team base and break the nexus, they secure the victory. In this game, actually in between the jungle's lanes where the neutral monster and wilderness plants reside. The two most and big monsters are baron anchor and the drakes by killing these unique buffs for your team and also turn the tide of the game. How To Download League of Legend: •           First, you have to download the league of legend client installer. •           Secondly, you have to Launch the installer and follow the prompts in the setup wizard. •           This wizard, which is mention above, will install the basic patcher for the league of legend. •           Then Launch League of Legends, and the patcher will complete the installation of the game client. •           To launch the game, press the Launch button at the top of the patcher screen, and the game client will open. •           Then, the game client will continue to download the rest of the game contents. The person who is downloading the game can easily log in to the client during this time, but you can't start the game until the download is complete. Error Occur: Once you want to log in to the legend's league, you may get error messages informing you that there is an unexpected error with the login session. League of the legend fans had complained and tell about this error as it shows up at times when you don't expect it and ruins your planned gaming sessions. It is good news for all the players that we have fixed this error for all the users. How do I Repair LOL Login Session Error: •           Load the league of the legend client usual and log in to your account. •           Before you get the error message, click on the X button as if you want to close the game. •           On clicking X, League of Legends will ask you if you wish to exit or sign out. •           Then finally click on the sign-out. •           Then the legends league will restart and this time without the unexpected error with the login session.  Sign Out and The Close Process In the Task Manager: •           First of all, launch the league of legend client. •           In the second step, press ALT+F4 to close the client. From the options, click on sign out. •           After signing out, press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC to bring up the task manager. •           From their locate and close every instance of the RiotClientServices.exe and leagueofleagends.exe. •           When you are sure that all is closed, load the client once again and attempt to login. •           If you still get there was an unexpected error with the login session league of legends message, repeat the steps, but on 4 steps also close the killer service network exe program.
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Common Facebook Login Problems

The Facebook sign-in procedure is very straightforward. After each passing time, users experience problems in log in. There are a lot of reasons why you are getting trouble in logging. Here we will discuss common Facebook login problems. Keep in mind that even a minor mistake can result in a login failure. Therefore, you should know suitable solutions that are equally accessible.  Enter Incorrect Information If you enter the incorrect email address or password, then you will be failed to login to Facebook. A spelling mistake unintentionally or any typing error will have resulted in a way that the system fails to recognize you. Therefore, you should retype the entire information to check whether the problem is because of incorrect data or is there something else. Furthermore, you should manually retype the information in a login bar and password in case you are using the copy-paste function.  Therefore, make sure that the complete information you have entered is correct. Be careful about that the login information must be case sensitive. Check that the caps lock key on the keyboard is disabled. Use the "Remember Me" button on Facebook to save your information if your PC is private. However, if you do this on a shared or public computer, it might provide access to your account other people. Forgotten Email Address or Password In case you forget your email address or password, then help is available to hand to hand. The Facebook Help page will guide you through the process of getting all information. It is a better practice to change passwords regularly.  Facebook also provides detailed instructions about the entire process. Facebook may also help you in the recovery of your account by using the email or phone number that is attached to your account. Furthermore, in case you have completely forgotten your email and phone number that is associated with the account, you will have to select the "I forgot my account" option on the next page. If you expect an email from Facebook, check your spam filter and junk mail folder if a message gets delivered there rather than your primary inbox. Invalid Email Address Facebook does not allow any generic email accounts; therefore, an email address starting "info@" cannot be used for a Facebook account. Furthermore, Generic email addresses and a few business addresses may be seen by the system as spam. In this case, the system will block your entry permanently so you will not be able to register for an account. Make sure that you are using an allowed email address. Facebook encourages its users to use a personal email address if it is possible. If your original email address is generic, then you should open a new Gmail or Yahoo! email account to use it for your Facebook registration. Non-Refresh Login Page The common problem is that the Login page does not load or refresh properly. The reason could be cookies still not being activated on your computer. Each browser has different instructions and guidelines on how to set cookies. Instructions for a few of the more popular web browsers are given through the following: Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari (Apple) You may require to clear your browser cache as well. A "cache" is something your browser generates where it saves the data from pages you have visited. It allows pages to load much more quickly and efficiently.  Although, it means if there were any change or update to a page since you visited it, your browser might show you the old version rather than the most recent one. In many browsers, you are allowed to clear the cache by visiting the Settings or Tools tab. Registered with a Phone Number In case you have registered your Facebook account on your mobile phone, and you are unable to log into Facebook from your computer then use your cell phone number rather than an email address to log in.  Once you get access to log in, you are allowed to change your login information to whatever you want. It's a better idea to connect your Facebook account with both an email address as well as a phone number. It will also make it easier and convenient to recover your account if you forget your login information. Seeking Help with Facebook Facebook provides a lot of help to users. There is a comprehensive Help Center available with detailed advice as well as tips for users who are experiencing login or other issues. The Help Center provides the solution of all the problems and issues of each type. Therefore, the navigation of these pages becomes a relatively straightforward task.  However, if you are still experiencing login problems and have examined all the possible reasons, then Facebook seek guidance from a Help Community forum. Furthermore, where you can post your login problem and get feedback from other users and members of the Facebook Help Team.
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Face ID VS Fingerprint: Which Is More Secure?

Our data is the most precious asset for us. We have to keep it safe from cybercriminals. Therefore, we must know about security apps to protect our phone and personal data. Now the question is: Face ID VS Fingerprint; Which is more secure? And which one is to be chosen?  Fingerprints are the security key Rather than most of us rely on two critical elements of our fingerprint data that only we possess and no one else. There are two main options for those who are looking for an app to secure their devices that entirely rely on Face ID. As we know, face ID has its benefits as well as drawbacks, fingerprint also owns many benefits, drawbacks you should know. The Apple iPhone has long had Touch ID. It has a fingerprint sapphire crystal sensor which unlocks the phone only if the pattern matches. This kind of match used not just the whirl of your fingerprint. It also includes the location of your skin's clear pores to ensure that it was you who was trying to access the device. However, Apple removed the home button with the iPhone X, which can open your phone with a fingerprint. Despite it, Apple offered something unique that is Face ID.  The security level of Face ID Apple demanded a sleek front phone and removed the home button that had been the base of the device since its starting. Then it offered an alternative that was more simplistic, but few argue less secure. The owners of the mobile point at camera, face, and unlock their smartphones rather than using a fingerprint. Furthermore, it is designed to be a friction-free process. However, this one is considered less secure. Research has proven that it is possible for strangers who have similar facial features got success in gaining access to your phone. The reason is simple because the technology works on a lower resolution.  Unlike fingerprints, facial features are not at all unique.  Researchers somehow managed to use social media pictures to spoof facial recognition security. It was done even before Face ID was released. This process is more straightforward than creating fake fingerprints. However, face recognition is considered to be better than no protection at all, but it is not relatively more secure than Touch ID. Reliability It is improbable to have as catastrophic consequences as many fears. Most accidental unlockings are likely to happen between family members instead of a criminal managing to obtain access. Therefore, the reality is that facial recognition is less reliable than fingerprints for gaining access to phones and devices.  On the other hand, fingerprints have also proven to be get hacked. The fingerprint is strong enough to protect users from ordinary or opportunistic attackers which is substantially better than nothing. Moreover, if you are after quick and easy access to your phone as well as happy to trade off some security for that, then, in this case, relying on Face ID is a good alternative. However, you have to be just careful while storing vital information on your phone, which anyone could access. Authentic Security System Both Face ID, as well as fingerprint, is secured as declared by Apple. However, for the most part, that is true too. It is sporadic that a random person could unlock your phone. However, that is not the only type of attack to worry about it. While using different biometric authentication methods; Face ID and Touch ID are very similar in functioning.  When you try to log in to your iPhone either by pointing your face at the camera on the front, or you put your finger on the touch sensor, the phone immediately compares the biometric data. It reaches and detects the data that is saved in the Secure Enclave. Furthermore, there is also available a separate processor that's entire purpose is to keep your phone safe and secure. Your iPhone unlocks if the face or fingerprint matches. If not, the message will be prompted to enter your passcode. Nothing Protects You from the Government Agencies Nevertheless, any security app can ever truly protect you from a determined government agency with virtually unlimited resources who want to get access to your phone. Not only can they legally bound you for using Touch ID or Face ID to unlock your phone, but they also have access to tools like the GreyKey. Greeley can crack any iOS device passcode that will make fingerprint and Face ID useless for you. Fingerprint and Face ID are incredibly convenient, and if they are backed up with a strong passcode, then it is secure for daily use by everyone. However, they might not protect you for long if you are the target of a determined hacker or government agency.  Conclusion Both fingerprint and face ID is secure, but the fingerprint is more secure as compare to face ID. Anyone who has the same facial features as you can get access to your phone if you are using FaceID. Fingerprint ID is said to be unique as compare to FaceID.
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How to Make a Zoom Account on Desktop

Whether you choose to do it on your computer or your mobile device, it is entirely not hard to sign up zoom account. Suppose you plan to use the zoom, especially with the large businesses and universities turning to remote work due to the covid-19 pandemic. So this is the best idea to download the app first and then sign up. You have needed access to your email account to verify your profile and confirm a password. Once you sign up for the zoom on your phone app or your desktop, you will open your browser to keep track of appointments when working remotely. What is a zoom app?        Zoom is a video conferencing and webinar tool available to all the current, including college, university students, and business use to work remotely. It is simple to use and provide cloud-based web, video conference, and webinar solution. Furthermore, with the zoom app, you can directly have a video meeting or webinar from your computer, mobile device, or an on-campus zoom configured classroom. Zoom For Mobile Or Desktop: It’s worth bearing in mind that not all zoom meetings are equal. The zoom desktop version is kitted out, with several features unavailable on the mobile. The most obvious downside to video conferencing on mobile that the transferable offers a comparatively small screen. Furthermore, the mobile version only allows four participants to appear on the screen at once. So presenting complex charts and documents is made challenging by the small screen. Zoom for the desktop will be one of the sensible choices in large scale business meetings with colleagues or calls with multiple friends. How to Create the Zoom Account:  If you want to create the zoom account, then first you have to download the zoom installer. Then open the installer and select sign in to sign up for free. Then follow the instruction to activate your account. The instructions are given below: •           First, the people who want to open the zoom app have to click on open the zoom app on your PC. •           Then click sign in to sign in. •           Click sign up for free. •           By doing this, the zoom website will automatically open on your default browser. •           Enter your email address if you have one, and in case you don’t have one, then first make the email ID sign up for zoom. •           Then click the blue sign up button. •           Then, the next page will include a note on how to access your activation email. •           Furthermore, Open your inbox and locate the activation email. •           Click on the blue box to activate the account. •           Then, this will open the zoom sign up page in your browser. Enter your first and last name along with your password. •           Then, the second step will allow you to add colleagues at this time. Click skips this step to move on to the final step. •           Then, the final step will allow you to start a test meeting. Instead, click to go to my account. You should already be signed in on your browser. •           Reopen the zoom account app on your desktop if you would like to use the service there. Click sign in again.  •           Then enter your email address and the password and check the keep me signed in option, especially if you plan to use the service, often followed by the sign-in button to complete the login process finally. Benefits Of Zoom: You are doing a big thing, and acting as IT support should not be one because it provides straightforward purchasing and deployment with no hidden fees. It is one click to start or join any meeting, and the zoom provides easy collaboration and participant controls. Modern Communication for your Dispersed Team: One of the big benefits of the zoom app is that with the Zoom app, you can easily get your team together up to 100 participant standards or have a quick one-on-one meeting. Our HD audio and video deliver even in a low band with environments. So by this, your team can easily connect, work, and collaborate with agility. Like Live Event: Zoom provides great benefits. Zoom brings the video for the presenter, but it also adds video for the attendees; this means that the presenter you are not speaking to your computer. You are presenting to a real live audience. So when they ask questions, you can easily see and feel that what they want to know and hear their question. Full Video Replay: Zoom app also records all the videos from multiple presenters and the attendees that are part of the questions and the answer. The whole event to be captured and also include the question asked by the attendees via the chat. The attendees who could not make it can experience the event as though they were there with the full video of everyone who speaks included. Scalable: Zoom is the best app and truly scalable. The zoom provides the ability to support 500 interactive participants and up to 10000 viewers. The zoom can deal with your meeting requirements whether your business is a small business or multinational needing to connect team on every continent.
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