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Institutional Login - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The world's most comprehensive encyclopedia of philosophy offers abstracts and archived entries freely to all. Selected articles are made free-to-view periodically - but full text access is only available to institutional subscribers. Librarians can register for a Free Trial or Contact us for more information.

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Counterfactual conditionals - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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According to the first, a counterfactual asserts that there is a sound argument from the antecedent ('bats are deaf') to the consequent ('bats hunt during the day'). The argument uses certain implicit background conditions and laws of nature as additional premises. A variant of this analysis says that a counterfactual is itself a ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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The noun logos derives from the Greek verb legein, meaning 'to say' something significant.Logos developed a wide variety of senses, including 'description', 'theory' (sometimes as opposed to 'fact'), 'explanation', 'reason', 'reasoning power', 'principle', 'ratio', 'prose'.. Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus (c.540-c.480 bc), for ...

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Logos - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Logos emerges as a philosophical term with Heraclitus ( c. 540- c .480 bc ), for whom it provided the link between rational discourse and the world's rational structure. It was freely used by Plato and Aristotle and especially by the Stoics, who interpreted the rational world order as immanent deity. Platonist philosophers gave pre-eminence ...

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Logic, philosophy of - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Philosophy of logic can be roughly characterized as those philosophical topics which have emerged either from the technical development of symbolic (mathematical) logic, or from the motivations that logicians have offered for their technical pursuits.

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Natural theology - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary Natural theology aims at establishing truths or acquiring knowledge about God (or divine matters generally) using only our natural cognitive resources.

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God, arguments for the existence of - Routledge ...

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Arguments for the existence of God go back at least to Aristotle, who argued that there must be a first mover, itself unmoved. All the great medieval philosophers (Arabic and Jewish as well as Christian) proposed and developed theistic arguments - for example, Augustine, al-Ghazali, Anselm, Moses Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus.

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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Some philosophers argue that second-order logic is not logic. Properties and relations are too obscure for rigorous foundational study, while sets and functions are in the purview of mathematics, not logic; logic should not have an ontology of its own.

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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If a logic is to be a calculus, an effective canon of inference, then second-order logic is beyond the pale. If, on the other hand, one aims to codify a standard to which correct reasoning must adhere, and to characterize the descriptive and communicative abilities of informal mathematical practice, then perhaps there is room for second-order ...

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Ideology - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary An ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or unconsciously held, which reflects or shapes understandings or misconceptions of the social and political world. It serves to recommend, justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving or changing political practices and institutions.

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Geology, philosophy of - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Article Summary. In the mid-1960s, geology underwent a conceptual revolution. Prior to that time, most geologists believed that the continents and oceans were fixed and permanent, the basic features of the earth's crust. Subsequently they came to agree that the earth was covered by rigid plates, thin in relation to the earth's diameter, in ...

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Genealogy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Foucault 's use of the term continues Nietzsche 's in his On the Genealogy of Morals (1967). For both philosophers, genealogy is a form of historical critique, designed to overturn our norms by revealing their origins.

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Medieval philosophy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Philosophical theology Christianity is not in itself a philosophical doctrine, but it profoundly influences the medieval philosophical world-view both from within philosophy and from outside it.

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Logic of ethical discourse - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Logic, as a discipline, is largely concerned with discovering principles and methods for evaluating the evidential strength between the premises and conclusions of arguments.

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Intentionality, phenomenological perspectives - Routledge ...

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Phenomenological investigations of intentionality explore, in other words, both the experience's directedness to its object and the object's being given in a particular manner or under a particular conception. In part to distinguish his view from psychological views, Husserl adopts a technical vocabulary in his discussions.

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Logic of ethical discourse - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Logic, as a discipline, is largely concerned with discovering principles and methods for evaluating the evidential strength between the premises and conclusions of …

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Second-order logic, philosophical issues in - Routledge ...

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If a logic is to be a calculus, an effective canon of inference, then second-order logic is beyond the pale. If, on the other hand, one aims to codify a standard to which correct reasoning must adhere, and to characterize the descriptive and communicative abilities of informal mathematical practice, then perhaps there is room for second-order ...

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Egyptian cosmology, ancient - Routledge Encyclopedia of ...

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Ancient Egypt has left us no systematic philosophy in the modern sense. However, there is abundant evidence that the Egyptians were concerned with all the usual …

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What To Do If You Forget Face Book Login Details?

Forget FaceBook Login Details is one of the most frequent error users often meet when logging in, in case you have forgotten your Facebook account logging details, It would be frustrating for you. In this article, I would like to help you as possible. If you have forge logging information of your Facebook account, you can recover it with the help of Facebook security features. When you are doing recover or change a forgotten password, it can be solved within some minutes. Recovering a forgotten username, that can take up to 24 hours to retrieve if you have not used the Facebook account for a long time. Suppose you have not used email, which signed up with Facebook using an Alienator, Maildrop, Guerrilla Mail, 10 minutes mail, and other email addresses. It may be difficult to retrieve, but nothing impossible, for this condition you have to add your friends to be trusted contact. You can get help from the Facebook help page.  You can get help from the Facebook help page, by searching for How can I recover my Facebook login details. Follows the instruction given by Facebook to use your trusted contact to re-back into your account. You will receive the page of instructions that contains a URL. This URL includes a specific safety code that can be approached by your trusted friend contact and provide them with this URL. You will open this URL link and send you the provided security code. Use the security code from your friend's device to recover your account. If you not settled, your friend trusted contacts, keep set up immediately.   Recover Facebook Password Facebook will never provide you with your password because it is your privacy and the reason for captivating analytical wizardry. If they allow for then, it will be a wrong security way. There are two accesses to try: one is the official way, and the other is no official way. Either you have not used a non-official method, but you know about it because it shows the other power security threat. The traditional method to recover your Facebook login is Facebook's own account it recovers automatically. It uses such information that you had provided before to confirm you are eligible. If you don't offer current information, you can't access to recover your account. If you organized your password in your browser to remember, then you can view what it's saved. Password Reset Facebook Login Note the steps that alternate suddenly, Facebook-based personal change along with the appropriate of your condition. You can follow the steps which are provided to you on Facebook, however, it may be a little bit different than what I had discussed here.  If you forgot your password, you require retrieving your account.  Just log in your password in the boxes of the entry field of the Facebook login page. Select forget account, and you get a page where you insert the email address or mobile number with the version. Then Facebook page presents you with a list of account recovery options related to your account. You have to select one that you want to use and click on the continue box.  Set a New Password Suppose you do have the reach to the option of the account recovery or way you have chosen, Facebook will provide you with a code. You have to enter that code as per request and click on the continue option. This way proves that you are the right Facebook account holder. The Facebook page may ask you to choose a new password. It is the official and appropriate method to recover access to your Facebook login. With the response to the password recovery option, you makeup initially and then set a unique password. Password Recovery If you are looking to recover your current password, I want to clear you that are cannot or be able to. If you set your browser to remember the password for you, then it is so risky and straightforward also. You will have to use Firefox, but most of the browser has similar functionality. You have to click on the hamburger menu at the right corner end of the Firefox toolbar, and then select the preferences option, according to your version.  You can use the search box on the resulting page to find out the password and when it displays, click on Login saved. After a little more obsession: The dialogue box of saved password updates with more columns that show the actual password for all to see. Security Issue If your browser displays your password:   Go forward and feel comfortable if you can recover your Facebook in this method. You have to be very, very anxious. If you set your browser to save the password, then someone with utilization to your device he can do what we just discussed.  Use this procedure to recover all your saved passwords. It is the only reason; I am recommending you to keep your password in your browser. If you want to do, make sure that your device will always be secure.
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How to Fix the Skype Login Issues on Windows?

Some so many Windows users have reported problems in getting logging in or creating issues while entering their username or password. This issue has been encountered on more than one version of windows that ranges from old versions like windows 7 to the newer advanced windows 10. Here we will discuss how to fix Skype login issues on windows to look into the problems and offer potential solutions: If Skype does not Accept Username and Password Several windows users have reported their problem within the process of Skype login. Some users complained that Skype is not accepting his username and password; however, they uninstalled and re-installed so many times to resolve the issue. Let's have a look at them: Solution 1: Update your Computer It is a straightforward solution as well as a very effective one. If your Windows is not updated yet, there is a better chance you may run into all types of errors. It includes login problems as well. Furthermore, the Old version of the software is the topmost root-causes of Skype issues. Therefore, you will have to update your Windows to the latest version. After it, try to log in to your Skype account. However, you still not get resolved your issue while updating Windows or you are already using the latest version of Windows then try the next solution.  Solution 2: Reinstall Skype and Run an Administrator Most of the time, just running Skype as an administrator is enough to fix the login problem. Furthermore, you may try to run Skype in compatibility mode. On the other hand, you can reset Windows to the last working version. Look if Skype will allow you to enter your user credentials or not. In case if did not help, then you should follow the next suggestion: Solution 3: Check your DLLs  DLL is an essential library that contains code as well as data. These codes and data can be used by more than one program at the same time. Here we will guide you on how to check them on Windows 10: Open the Start menu  select All Programs Choose Accessories to right-click on Command Prompt. Click on "Run as administrator". Enter "cd c:windowssyswow64" in the Command Prompt then press Enter. Enter "regsvr32 jscript.dll" and press Enter. Write "regsvr32 jscript9.dll" and press Enter again. You will see a message that says "DllRegisterServer in XXX.dll succeeded". Restart your computer. Common Causes and Resolutions Cause # 1: While login, a dialogue box prompts that shows the following phrase: "cannot verify that the server is trusted for your sign-in address. Connect anyway?" Solution: Immediately verify that the domain name in the dialogue box is a trusted server, such as domainName.contoso.com. The user has to select the "Always trust this server" check box, and further click on Connect. You can prevent this message from showing when a user signs in for the first time by updating the Windows registry on each user's computer. Cause#2: Misspelling typed the sign-in address, user name, or password by mistake. Solution: Confirm that the user's sign-in name and password are correctly entered or not. Then verify that the sign-in name of the user. On the other hand, the user should try signing in again. Cause#3: Forget your password  Solution: Click on the forget password button and reset the user's password. They will notify you about the new temporary password. Cause#4: Not licensed to use Skype: Solution: First of all, confirm that the user is registered as a Skype for Business Online user. However, if not, then register yourself and sign in again. Cause#5:  The wrong version of Skype installed Solution: This problem is commonly associated with an error message that shows the following phrase: "the authentication service may be incompatible with this version of the program". Therefore, you should uninstall and reinstall Skype from the Microsoft 365 admin center. Problem acquiring a personal certificate that is required to sign in If your sign-in address has recently changed, then you may be required to delete cached sign-in data. Therefore, sign out first, click the "Delete my sign-in info link" on the sign-in screen, and then try again. If you set up a custom domain name, and the changes may not have completed propagating through the system then, first of all, make sure that you have updated the Domain Name Service (DNS). If you have already made the necessary DNS changes, then try logging in later because DNS changes may take up to 72 hours to be reflected throughout the system.       System Clock out of Sync with Server Clock Make sure that your network domain controller is synchronizing with a reliable external time source. To troubleshoot Skype for logging issues, begin by eliminating the most common causes of the sign-in problem. If compulsory, you are allowed to follow specific resolution steps that are based on the type of error. If the user still cannot sign in, collect additional information, and then get extra help.
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How to Solve G-Suite Admin Login Problems?

G-suite is the best collaboration workplace suite, and it is best that how teams are transforming together. G-suite is the same as Gmail, Google Drive and pretty safe to use. However, managing G-suite is the best way to manage a difficult task. In this blog, we will learn about the problems of G-suite login and their solutions well. If you face the problem while logging into the Admin Console of G-suite, we will get step-by-step guidance and learn how to troubleshoot such issues. Getting the login error messages When normal g-mail accounts are failed to sign into, if you face problems with your mail id or if you can use any other account that must not be followed, you can also enter admin.google.com address linked with your managed Google Account ( or G Suite or Cloud). Enter admin.google.com in URL   Add account You can also use the add account option from the window. Furthermore, you can also use the admin password and email id. How to use that domain that does not contain G suite? If you have watched an error while signing into the console admin, it means cloud or G-suite identity accounts might have been deleted or deactivated. Furthermore, you can deactivate google, which can be failed in your domain before the free trial period is completed.  Moreover, it is hard to recover the data from the deleted account. However, if you wish to have the google service, you must sign up using your domain. Furthermore, to reactivate your account, you can wait for the hours when the account was deleted. Similarly, if you wish to sign up for the G-suite, you must go to the G-suite website. When can you not find your google account? Sometimes both cloud identity or the G-suite accounts do not exist or are unavailable. Here are the ways that you can do that easily:  Verify what you have entered  You need to recheck the information you have entered when signing into your G-suite account. Then it would be best if you went to the Admin URL. Use different domain to sign in If you require additional domains to login into your G-suite, then you can skip this step. However, you cannot sign into the Admin console with the address you have that belongs to the alias domain. The alias domain is the name of the domain where you and your user can get the domain's direct addresses. Furthermore, you can receive and send your domain alias and domain. Moreover, there is no additional cost that can be charged. Instead, you can sign in to your username's help that can help you create an account. Finding your Admin username or a password If you with your admin have signed into your G-suite or any other managed accounts that can access your console admin. You can easily do it with the help of admin credentials. Forgetting your password  Ask for admin help If there is any other person or any other organization's help who can manage the admin account, ask them to reset your password.  Reset your admin password However, if there is no one, you can ask for help from the admin's account. For this reason, you need to visit the admin account. You can use the username; if it is not on the sign-in page, then you can click on the Next. Click on the forgot password You can click on the forgot your password, and then you must follow the instruction to reset your password. Forgetting the admin username If you are using the email address or the username from the domain, it must retrieve the username. First, you need to go to the admin website, and from there, you can use the option of forgot email. When the admin leaves the office, who will control the access? If you wish to have the password and username, you must contact your admin. Once you have found to have the company, then you need to fill the field. You need to prove the owner and the account. Once you have added the information into that account, you can add all the recovery options to control your administrator account. If you want to see the Admin console Suppose you want to sign in but cannot see the Admin console there. If you are facing a problem with the password, you must have the 2-step verification. If you have your admin password, but if you wish to sign into the G-suite account, here is the 2-step authentication. For this purpose, you must watch the onscreen steps or contact the person who could assist the verification backup person. Login issues  If you are facing login issues, then you must follow the form:  G-suite account date must be created  Original email address with the G-suite organization account  Google order number must be with your account Several G-suite users have their account  Mode of credit card which is used to create a g-suite account. Conclusion These are the tips that can be best while solving all the problems related to the g-suite account. Hence, once following all the information, you can easily solve the problem of g-suite ids.
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Troubleshooting Zoom Login Errors

Zoom is an excellent tool for working with millions of users every day. Given Zoom's value in today's remote working environment, it is easy to understand why users fear logging difficulties. All the tension and anxiety go through the roof if just a few minutes remain before this vital video conference begins and you cannot log in. The errors 403, 1044, 100, and 5003 are the most widely found zoom login errors. The good news is that Zoom login problems and errors with this guide can be fixed easily. How to solve zoom in issues Check your credentials with a different computer. As a fast solution, you can log in using your phone if logging in is not working on your device. Or try logging in with your browser if you are unable to login with the desktop app. Of course, you can search for typos with proper credentials. If you sometimes switch between different languages, check your keyboard input settings. Don't use some other authentication method to use the authentication details your company has given to you. Link to SSO SSO should be used, and the credentials of the company signed in. To work with this tool, you need a corporate or educational account and a verified Vanity URL. Type the name of your organization into the Continue domain area. Enter the credentials of your company, and I hope you can log into it. Check your protection and link configuration. You could not log into your Zoom account with insecure network access or firewall and software blocking protection settings. To ensure that your internet connection works properly, restart your modem, receive recent router firmware updates, and, if necessary, with your current setup, switch to a cable connection. Check your firewall and antivirus settings and make sure no Zoom or Zoom functions are disabled. Open and go to Update & Protection for the Settings Function. Pick Virus & Threat Defense to navigate to Windows Security. Add Zoom to it and retry in Windows Firewall Whitelist Zoom. Go to Start, form a firewall, open Network Security and Firewall. Click on Make the app by firewall. Scroll down. Press Change Settings, scroll down to Zoom, and pick the public and private checkboxes. Restart the machine, start Zoom, and check to see if you can log in now. You should go to your support page for specific instructions about zooming in a zoom list if you are using third party firewalls and antivirus. Check if Zoom Login is blocked  Zoom may interact with another program. If this has happened soon after new software has been installed on your device, disable or uninstall the program and then verify that the Zoom program is now effective. You can deactivate all background apps with the Task Manager or clean the boot to ensure a problem with software intervention. They are not working webcam or audio Nothing is more frustrating than to have a Zoom call from your webcam or audio. Try any of these simple tips first if your web camera is not shown or is selected but not running. Test the zoom setup If a meeting ID is shown just before a call is entered, leave the following settings unchecked. Do not audio-connect. It enables you to link a call to your audio and video automatically. Leave other similar applications Make sure all other programs that use the webcam are closed if your webcam does not appear. If another program currently accesses the Camera, the zoom will not be able to use.  Audio and video testing You can test your audio and video in zoom by clicking on this link when your Camera or audio does not function. When you have opened up, you can enter a Zoom App test call and follow the screen directions. You can also pick your webcam by clicking the Start video (It might say Stop videos if you are in a call) on the bottom toolbar while you are on the Web (or double-check your webcam in the main Zoom app). If the screen is blank, you can click on the arrow next to the camera icon and select the same as a device or a unique webcam from the list or see the integrated Camera. Check PC configuration The issue might not be at all Zoom sometimes. The webcam can be blocked while you are on Windows 10 or Mac. Through testing the application permissions, you can correct that by making sure your Camera can be used by the Zoom app or your web browser. You can also verify this on the Web directly by restarting the call and pressing Allow if the camera and microphone access are prompted. 10 Windows Enter the search box for "Webcam" and pick from the menu which applications you can access your Camera. Scroll down, and the Microsoft Store and desktop applications that can use your webcam will be shown. You need to ensure that the button Allow Desktop Apps to Access Your Camera switches to the on position for non-Microsoft Store applications. You may also check for the microphone and pick the microphone's Privacy Settings to do the same thing. macOS Select Security and Privacy and Open Machine Preferences. Click on the Lock button and enter the change password. Then you can click on the sidebar on Camera and check your Web browser and Zoom. And you want to make sure that the box is tested for the microphone.
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